Photography
The artistic movement

Photo by Ted Croner
Artistic motion blur has always been a photographic technique attributed to a creative process. Through lack of precision, by default, and unintentionally, pictorialists produced artistic blurs that are still revered today. A pioneer of the modern motion blur technique is photographer Ted Croner. Throughout his career, and at the margins of his industry, Croner produced creative and innovative motion blurs. His images marked his time and remain essential today. Today, a variety of techniques are used to produce motion blurs. Our discussion focuses, among other things, on the work of Andrew S. Gray and Pep Ventosa. On a broader basis, our discussion will focus on the work of Koen Jacobs and imperfect photography as a creative process.
The legacy of the pictorialists
The period of pictorialism is associated with the efforts of early photographers to establish themselves as artists in their own right, rather than just image technicians. Behind this approach lies the battle between portrait painters and photographers to maintain their primary source of income. It wasn't until the early 1900s that it became clear that photography had firmly established itself as an art form in its own right. The art of painting was to migrate toward more abstract and interpretive expressions of reality.
It can be said that artistic blur was an essential component of a pictorialist's creation. The blur was imposed as much by the constraints of the equipment used as by the photographers' artistic vision. Among other strategies, this blur was the creative element that allowed photographers to compete with the work of painters. A photograph had to resemble a painting.

The Pond – Moonrise, 1904 by Edward Steichen. In 2006, an original print (of three known) sold at auction for $2.9 million, the highest price ever paid for a photograph. Here we can clearly see the influence of the Pictorialists' vision in the development of the aesthetics of photographic vision. Are we not faced with what we would today call 'artistic blur'?

Edward Steichen's aesthetics: Brooklyn Bridge (1903) and George Washington Bridge (1931). Steichen established himself as a master creator, both as a pictorialist and a modernist. He was able to bridge the gap between the two great periods in the development of photographic art with unparalleled mastery.
The undeniable influence of Ted Croner
Ted Croner (1922–2005) was born in Baltimore. During World War II, Croner worked as an aerial photographer with the United States Army Air Corps, stationed in the South Pacific. In 1946, Croner moved to New York City to help his friend, GI Bill Helburn, another former Air Corps photographer, open a small photography studio in Manhattan. While his friend Helburn pursued commercial photography, Croner remained firmly an experimental photographer, inspired by artistic creation.
Throughout his long career, he established himself as a creative photographer, faithful to his approach.

New York, February 1948, looking southwest. One cold night, with his hands shaking, Croner decided to experiment with different camera movements: circular, lateral, vertical, and X-shaped. He commented that the most successful image was the vertical movement. This photo became his best-known image.
A significant source of influence: Alex Brodovitch
Alex Brodovich (1898–1971) was born in Russia to an influential family and moved to Paris in 1919 after the war. He quickly gained public recognition for his commercial work in the fashion industry. By the age of 32, he had mastered skills in illustration, graphic arts, textiles, advertising, and painting.
A new approach to teaching
In 1930, while living in Paris, Brodovitch was offered a job by John Story Jenks. Jenks, a trustee of the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art, was impressed by Brodovitch's talents. He asked him to head the school's advertising design department. In September 1930, Brodovitch moved to Philadelphia with his wife and son to take the job. Brodovitch taught advertising design, creating a special department devoted to the subject.
Brodovitch's task was to bring American advertising design up to par with that of Europe, which had a much more modern spirit. Before his arrival, advertising students simply copied the styles of N.C. Wyeth and Howard Pyle's images.

Wyerth and Pyle's illustrations were beautiful, but inspired by the tradition of 19th-century Romantic Realism.
Brodovitch enseignait toujours en utilisant des aides visuelles. Il amenait en classe des magazines français et allemands pour examiner les pages avec ses élèves, expliquant le travail ou la technique de l’artiste. Il soulèverait des questions comme: « Comment ce commentaire pourrait-il être amélioré ? Comment Cocteau l’aurait-il exprimée ? »
Lorsqu’il n’était pas en classe, Brodovitch emmenait son groupe à l’extérieur autour de Philadelphie pour observer des usines, des laboratoires, des centres commerciaux, des projets de logements, des dépotoirs et le zoo. Il demandait ensuite aux étudiants de reproduire une « impression graphique » de ce qu’ils avaient vu, qu’il s’agisse d’une interprétation photographique, d’un dessin ou d’une abstraction. Brodovitch n’enseignait pas au sens conventionnel du terme, mais obligeait plutôt ses étudiants à découvrir ses ressources créatives intérieures.
Laboratoire de conception
En 1933, Brodovitch a ajouté le Laboratoire de design aux cours qu’il offrait. Il voulait offrir à ses étudiants plus avancés un cursus pour expérimenter tous les aspects de la conception. Brodovitch a partagé la vision de Bauhaus (la Nouvelle Objectivité Allemande) indiquant que vous aviez besoin d’éduquer l’ensemble de la vision de l’individu en dirigeant son attention vers une variété de solutions modernes dans leurs projets graphiques. Sa description de cours pour le Laboratoire de design se lisait comme suit :
Le but du cours est d’aider l’étudiant à découvrir son individualité, à cristalliser son goût et à développer sa réflexion pour les tendances contemporaines en stimulant son sens de l’invention et en perfectionnant ses capacités techniques. Le cours est conçu comme un laboratoire expérimental, inspiré par le rythme changeant de la vie, la découverte de nouvelles techniques, de nouveaux domaines d’opérations… en harmonie avec les besoins actuels des grands magazines, des agences de publicité et des manufacturiers. Les sujets abordés incluent la conception de magazines, la mise en page, l’affichage, le reportage, l’illustration, la conception de l’emballage et de produits, ainsi que la direction artistique.
Croner s’inscrit au cours de photographie d’Alexey Brodovitch et participe au légendaire « laboratoire de conception » de Brodovitch.
Ses ateliers étaient immensément populaires. Il n’était pas rare que plus de soixante personnes se présentent à sa classe le premier soir. Parmi les photographes qui ont assisté à ses cours, on retrouve Diane Arbus, Eve Arnold, David Attie, Richard Avedon, Harvey Lloyd, Hiro, Lisette Model, Garry Winogrand, Joel Meyerowitz et Tony Ray-Jones.
L’école photographique de New York
En Amérique du nord, on réfère parfois à la photographie documentaire urbaine comme « L’école de photographie de New York » . C’est une source d’influence pour un groupe de photographes qui ont vécu et travaillé à New York pendant les années 1930 à 1990. Cette école a partagé un certain nombre d’influences esthétiques, de sujets et un style reconnaissable. Parmi les thèmes récurrents, on retrouve :
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l’humanisme;
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une approche affirmée et déterminée;
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l’utilisation des techniques photo journalistique;
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la vision des films noirs (fatalisme, humour, pessimisme).
Le sujet privilégié des photographes est la ville elle-même.
Beaucoup des photographes qui ont étudié avec Alex Brodovitch ont contribué de manière déterminante à la création et le développement de l’École Photographique de New York.
Exhibition at MOMA
In 1948, Edward Steichen, then director of photography at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, chose to include Croner in two exhibitions at the Museum: "In and Out of Focus" and "Four Photographers" with three other photographers: Bill Brandt, Harry Callahan, and Lisette Model.
Croner agreed to do commercial work for Harper's Bazaar and Vogue magazines. His vision was decidedly experimental. He presented cinematic images of cafeterias, solitary diners, and the city after dark.
Interest in Croner's work was revived with the publication of The New York School Photographs by Jane Livingston in 1992, which followed the 1985 exhibition of the same name at the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, DC.

The New York School Photographs by Jane Livingston
For the book's cover, Livingston chose a photograph by Croner, "New York at Night, 1948." It shows the Manhattan skyline reduced to abstract bars of white light among tall black buildings against a gray sky. It was subsequently included in several American gallery exhibitions.
Music album cover
In 2006, Bob Dylan released his album 'Modern Times'. For the cover, he used a photograph of Croner taken in New York City at night in 1947. It depicts a moving taxi with the photographer's signature camera-shift style.

Cover of Bob Dylan's 2006 album 'Modern Times' and Cover of Luna's 2017 album 'Penthouse'
L’usage des ces 2 photos démontre la force de la conception graphique des photographies de Croner et la pérennité de sa vision artistique.
Motion blur
Traditional rule to avoid motion blur:
Lens focal length equal to or less than Exposure time
35 mm = 1/35 second, 400 mm = 1/400 second
With sensor and lens stabilization, this rule no longer applies. A modern camera allows you to reduce shutter speed by 5 to 7 stops and maintain a sharp image. Therefore, to blur motion, you must disable this function, which has otherwise become essential for all photographers.
Even on a tripod, vibration of the mirror and shutter release with your finger can cause unwanted camera movement.
Classics

Eric Heymans, Motion Blur Michael Kenna, Dondoles in Venice, Motion Blur
Motion blur
The thread of movement

Motion blur, subject stabilized by the camera's panning movement, by Claude Gauthier
Static blur

Motion blur, long exposure capturing the movement of cars by Claude Gauthier
Background movement

Motion blur, stabilized subject (left) and stabilized background with blurred subject, by Claude Gauthier
2nd curtain sync with flash

2nd Curtain Synchronization, by Claude Gauthier
Multiple Photo Overlay

Merry-go-round, by Pep Ventosa. Multiple image superposition while rotating around the structure (left), Photo superposition without circulating around the subject, by Claude Gauthier (right)
Pep Ventosa has experimented extensively with his technique of layering multiple photographs, creating a surreal impression. He has also documented on YouTube the post-processing he uses to produce an image.
In the manner of Andrew S Gray
Production of abstract expressionist landscapes. Inspired by English landscape painters, Gray uses a range of photographic and post-processing techniques to develop impressionist landscape images, sometimes recognizable, sometimes abstract. Using IMC (Intentional Camera Movement) techniques, he succeeds in creating distinctive and inspiring images.
Visit Andrew S Gray's website
Gray's website has a series of videos explaining how to develop creative movements.

Example of Andrew Grey's work
In the style of Marc Newton
Marc Newton: Example of ICM (Intentional Camera Movements)
ICM Photo Tutorial, The School of Photography

In the style of Koen Jacobs
The Imperfect Photo
The idea of the imperfect photo highlights imperfection, inspired by the Japanese aesthetic of Wabi-Sabi, a form of everyday melancholy. For Wabi-Sabi, nothing is permanent, nothing is finished, and nothing is perfect.
The beauty of a form lies in its imperfections.

References
Creativity with camera movements
By Katie McEnaney
By Rick Ohnsman
Pep Ventosa's personal website
Five tips for making moves by Andy Gray
(YouTube in English).
His channel contains a lot of material on ICM techniques and post-processing

Moved according to the Andrew Gray method, the NFB building reinterpreted by Claude Gauthier